Volume 4 - Issue 9

Alternative sanitation techniques applied to minimally fresh industrially processed cherry and plum salad
A.M. Fernández-León ||, F. Cañada-Cañada ||, S. Nogales-Delgado ||, J. Delgado-Adámez ||, D. Bohoyo-Gil ||, M.F. Fernández-León

Abstract:A comparative study on different sanitation methods on the quality decay of fresh industrially processed cherry ('Ambrunés') and plum ('Suplum eleven') salad is presented. The fruit was processed in a cleaning room, under usual and controlled conditions in a fresh cut industrial plant, using the following steps: reception, cutting, washing, draining and packaging. Processed salad was packaged in thermally sealed polypropylene basket using passive modified atmosphere. During a storage period of 10 days at 4 ºC, sensory attributes, functional content and microbial counts analysis were performed. It was concluded that the combinated use of UV-C radiation and 10.0 g/l ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the microbial counts, maintaining the antioxidant compounds and the sensorial quality of the product during the 10 days at 4 ºC
Keywords: antioxidant compounds, fresh-cut, industrial practices, quality attributes salad, UV-C radiation

Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Steel Slag Aggregate
J. Saravanan ||, and N.Suganya

Abstract:This study presents an evaluation of steel slag aggregate concrete in comparison with the conventional natural aggregate concrete. Hardened concrete consist of more than 70% aggregate due to the high demand in building construction and the increase of the amount of disposed waste material, suppliers and researchers are exploring the use of alternative materials which could preserve natural sources and save the environment. Steel slag was used as an aggregate replacement in conventional concrete mixes. Steel slag which is mainly consists of calcium carbonate is produced as a by-product during the oxidation process in steel industry. Steel slag was selected due to its characteristics, which are almost similar to conventional aggregates and the fact that it is easily obtainable as a by-product of the steel industry. As a result, utilization of steel slag will save natural resources and clean environment. Particle packing analysis is made to optimize the gradation of coarse aggregate which would decrease the cement requirement and increase the density of packing which would result in its improved performance in terms of strength and other parameters
Keywords: Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Tensile strength, Steel slag, Replacement

Suitability of Pico-Hydropower Technology For Addressing The Nigerian Energy Crisis – A Review
Alex Edeoja ||, Sunday Ibrahim ||, and Emmanuel Kucha

Abstract:The energy crisis is global with various approaches being adopted by various regions of the world to tackle their peculiar situations. In Nigeria, several proposals and/or projections including rural electrification programmes have been made but they have largely remained in the pipeline like they say. The ragged energy mix in the country is literally at the mercy of saboteurs and the inexistent capacity to enforce environmental laws despite all the perceived and realistic global warming effects. The summary of all the approaches to the energy crisis is the development of smaller, smarter, decentralised systems and more efficient utilization of existing ones. These are less expensive, more environmentally benign and concede the control to the end user thereby reducing the exposure to influence of outsiders with whatever motivation. Among these category of energy systems is pico hydro technology. Most of the projections and hydropower activities do not directly consider this technology thereby excluding the majority of Nigerians living in the rural areas. However, an aggressive attention to the technology can contribute to the enhancement of the MDGs as well as Nigeria's vision 20 – 20 – 20 objectives. Farms and small and medium scale enterprises could be offered an ultimately cheaper and cleaner energy option over which they have more control. The adverse effect of the use of other energy sources on the environment and the potential threat of insurgent activitieson the largely centralised energy system will reduce.
Keywords: Pico hydropower technology, energy crisis, suitability, rural areas, decentralised systems, vision 20-20-20.

Design and Prototype Development of a Cleaning Device for Outdoor Advertisement
TIAN Peipei ||, JIN Xiaoyi ||, ZHU Xingyu ||, Yuyi Lin

Abstract:The energy crisis is global with various approaches being adopted by various regions of the world to tackle their peculiar situations. In Nigeria, several proposals and/or projections including rural electrification programmes have been made but they have largely remained in the pipeline like they say. The ragged energy mix in the country is literally at the mercy of saboteurs and the inexistent capacity to enforce environmental laws despite all the perceived and realistic global warming effects. The summary of all the approaches to the energy crisis is the development of smaller, smarter, decentralised systems and more efficient utilization of existing ones. These are less expensive, more environmentally benign and concede the control to the end user thereby reducing the exposure to influence of outsiders with whatever motivation. Among these category of energy systems is pico hydro technology. Most of the projections and hydropower activities do not directly consider this technology thereby excluding the majority of Nigerians living in the rural areas. However, an aggressive attention to the technology can contribute to the enhancement of the MDGs as well as Nigeria's vision 20 – 20 – 20 objectives. Farms and small and medium scale enterprises could be offered an ultimately cheaper and cleaner energy option over which they have more control. The adverse effect of the use of other energy sources on the environment and the potential threat of insurgent activitieson the largely centralised energy system will reduce.
Keywords: Pico hydropower technology, energy crisis, suitability, rural areas, decentralised systems, vision 20-20-20.

Under T6 Condition, Wear Behaviour Of Welded And Non-Welded Of Aluminium Alloys (AA6061-AA6061)
Mr.ACS Reddy, Mr.SK.Maqbuel Hussain, Mr.P.Suresh

Abstract:The Endeavour of this work is to weld similar and dissimilar aluminum alloys such as AA6061-6061, AA6082-6082 & AA6061-6082 under T6 condition. Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods like Penetrate and ultrasonic tests were used to find whether or not any weld defects present in the welded area. To find the wear behaviors i.e. wear and frictional resistance, Pin-on-disc test was carried out. Micro structure of the wear tested samples was done using Optical Metallurgical Microscope. Finally the wear and frictional resistance were compared with the samples taken from the welded and non-welded zones of similar and dissimilar welded joints. The samples showed/ lead to low wear, low frictional resistance as results. Key words: Friction Stir Welding; Wear Testing; NDT; AA6061; AA6082

Design And Fabrication Of Grinding Wheel Attachment On Lathe Machine
Mr.K.Sathish, Mr.G.Phaneendra kumar, Mr.Rambabu Dara

Abstract:Grinding operation is performed to obtain a fine surface finish after performing turning operation on lathe machine for cylindrical jobs. This is done to obtain required dimensions of part to be used in any assembly. Thus to perform these two operations on same machine the attachment is designed. To verify the design the attachment is fabricated. This work describes an attempt to decrease the time in loading and unloading of workpiece with desired surface finish. The report describes the selection of wheel for grinding. It also considers the rigidity of design, damping of vibration due to motor speed and stress analysis of critical part of design, which is analyzed on INVENTOR software and compared with theoretical calculations. It also lists the various operations performed to fabricate the attachment. The results are obtained in form of tolerance limits which are compared with results of individual grinding machine operation on different machine and the conclusion are stated. Key words: Grinding, Cylindricity, Rigidity

Determination Of Optimum Cutting Speed Through Fea And Process Optimization Of Support Bulk Head
G .BHANU PRAKASH, T.SWATHI, M.LEELA RAMESH

Abstract:A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system. Support bulk head is a thin walled component used to hold bulk head of a missile. The component requires both inside and outside machining. So it needs a special type of fixture to hold the component rigidly. For this, the component is top clamped. Thus it calls for CNC machining. This component is manufactured on a 4-axis turning machine to get dimensional accuracy of the component, to reduce unit cost and labor work. This project is aimed to predict the stable speed range for machining thin-ribbed bulk head support structure with minimum deflection and high surface finish. Harmonic analysis shall be carried out for the support bulk head model, using which the stable speed range is determined. The cutting forces, which were measured experimentally, are applied as input for finite element analysis. The influence of cutting forces on the deflection of bulk head also has been studied. The support bulk head deflection may be influenced by natural frequency of the spindle, if the operating frequency of the spindle matches with it. In order to overcome this problem, free vibration analysis of the high speed spindle unit is performed to determine the natural frequency and mode shapes. Spindle speeds may be selected such that the operating frequency will not match with the natural frequency of the spindle unit. This project is also aimed at optimizing the manufacturing process of the support bulk head. Two different process plans along with NC programs shall be developed to decrease number of setups, which reduces machining time and the unit cost of the component. Keywords: Support bulk head, Mandrel design, 4-axis CNC turning machine, Harmonic analysis

Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion System By Using Pitch Control Technique
N.Netaji Gandhi, T.SantoshKumar, V.Vijay Bhaskar, S.Venu madhav

Abstract:The major source of power is from the conventional sources only. Some of the conventional sources of energies like thermal energy is produced from the fossil fuel coal which are depleting and is only limited to 2030. Renewable sources of energies are Solar, Wind, Biomass, etc hold bright prospect for the future. Wind industry has made rapid strides in the recent years. In order to ensure continuous supply of power suitable storage technology is used as backup. In this paper, the sustainability of a 4-kW hybrid of wind and battery system is investigated for meeting the requirements of a 3-kW stand-alone dc load representing a base telecom station. A charge controller for battery bank based on turbine maximum power point tracking and battery state of charge is developed to ensure controlled charging and discharging of battery. The mechanical safety of the WECS is assured by means of pitch control technique. Both the control schemes are integrated and the efficacy is validated by testing it with various load and wind profiles in MATLAB/SIMULNIK. Index Terms— MPPT, pitch control, state of charge (SoC),

Generalized unsharp masking algorithm for Contrast and sharpness
R Prabhakar, M Madhuvani, E SriKrishna

Abstract:In the applications like medical radiography enhancing movie features and observing the planets it is necessary to enhance the contrast and sharpness of an image. The model propose a generalized unsharp masking algorithm using the exploratory data model as a unified framework. The proposed algorithm is designed as to solve simultaneously enhancing contrast and sharpness by means of individual treatment of the model component and the residual, reducing the halo effect by means of an edge-preserving filter, solving the out of range problem by means of log ratio and tangent operations. Here is a new system called the tangent system which is based upon a specific bargeman divergence. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to significantly improve the contrast and sharpness of an image. Using this algorithm user can adjust the two parameters the contrast and sharpness to have desired output
INDEX TERMS: Bregman divergence, exploratory data model, generalized linear system, image enhancement, unsharp masking.

Synthesis of Organic Glass Cleaner Spray
Manvendra Singh Baghel

Abstract:The present study is focused on the development and formulation of organic glass cleaner based upon the literature survey of various chemicals possessing cleaning activity. The proposed product plays a significant role in cleaning the surface of glass, versatile and effective cleaning product. Nowadays, many commercial products are available in the market, but sometimes it needs to satisfy certain requirements like efficiency, non-hazardous and cost-efficient. Hence by considering the fact, the organic glass cleaner spray is synthesized from water, glaxicol paste, dry vinegar, thinners, and surface-active compounds. This product removes stains and dust effectively and keeps the glass surface clean.
INDEX TERMS: Glass cleaner, versatile, cost efficient, glaxicol paste, dry vinegar.